وإلا افتقر إلى التعیین . ووقتها اللیل
گر مرد رهی میان خون باید رفت
وز پای فتاده سرنگون باید رفت
تو پای به راه در نه و هیچ مپرس
خود راه بگویدت که چون باید رفت
تا اینجا دلالت روایات بر حجیت ظواهر را نپذیرفتیم. اگر هم بپذیریم دلالت بر حجیت ظواهر کتاب دارند نه ظاهر روایات.
دلیل سیره عقلایی: عقلاء به مطلق ظهورات عمل نمی کنند. عمل ایشان از باب رسیدن به اطمینان و حجیت اطمینان است ولی در امور غیر مهم و در موقع ناچاری به ظهورات ظنی عمل می کنند.
سؤال: آیا همه دین مهم است؟ آیا همه دین در مقام نسبت دادن به خداوند متعال مهم است.
شنبه - ۲۰ خرداد ۱۴۰۲
https://dl.ahmadabedi.com/lessons/tafsir1399/ahmadabedi.com-tafsir-99-01-20--1.mp3
https://lessons.ahmadabedi.com/lesson/%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%871
بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم الحمدلله رب العالمین و صلی الله علی سیدنا و نبینا محمد و علی اهل بیته الطاهرین
اوّلاً با عرض تبریک سالروز ولادت امام زمان ارواحنا فداه شب نیمه شعبان یکی از شب هایی که احتمال داره شب قدر باشه علاوه بر اهمیت امشب، فردا شبم شب بسیار مهمیه، شب شانزدهم شعبان. مرحوم میرداماد یه کتابی داره درباره اعمال فردا شب. یه کتاب کلاً مخصوص اعمال شب شانزدهم شعبانه.
تفسیر مجمع البیان
اوّل یه دو سه تا نکته خیلی کوتاه عرض می کنم بعد شروع می کنم:
اوّلاً اصل بحث تفسیر خیلی بحث مهمی است. در تفسیر بیضاوی
خبر الواحد یا الخبر الواحد
https://www.eshia.ir/feqh/archive/text/shobeiry/osool/95/950914/
http://lib.eshia.ir/15391/4/357
The Two-Minute Rule for Building Lasting Habits
When you’re trying to build a new habit, it’s easy to start too big. When you think about the change you want to make, your excitement and motivation can convince you to do too much, too soon.
Everyone’s heard things like: start small, take baby steps. But even when you know you should start small, it’s still easy to start too big.
This is why, if I have to recommend one place to start when building a new habit, I would recommend choosing a habit that is as easy as possible to perform.
The most effective way I know to do this is to follow the “Two-Minute Rule.” The Two-Minute Rule states, “When you start a new habit, it should take less than two minutes to do.”
In the last lesson, you chose a habit that will cast votes for your desired identity. In this lesson, we’ll take that habit and scale it down into a two-minute version.
For example:
- “Walk 10,000 steps each day” becomes “Put on my running shoes.”
- “Keep the house tidy” becomes “put one item of dirty clothing in the laundry.”
- “Be a better partner” becomes “make my partner a cup of coffee every morning.”
- “Get straight A’s” becomes “set my books out on the desk when I get home.”
The idea is to make your habits as easy as possible to start. The Two-Minute Rule helps counterbalance our tendency to bite off more than we can chew. It also gives you a small way to reinforce your desired identity each day.
When all we hear about are other people’s spectacular results, it’s natural to think that we need to push ourselves to the limit to achieve anything worthwhile. I know, I've made that mistake many times myself. Instead, you can simplify the process by narrowing your attention to the first movement.
You may not be able to automate the whole process, but you can make the first action mindless. You’re trying to build a “gateway habit” for a larger behavior or bigger ambition that you’re ultimately working toward. Make it easy to start and the rest will follow.
You can usually figure out the gateway habits that will lead to your desired outcome by mapping out your goals on a scale from “very easy” to “very hard.” Most people start with ambitions that are big and very hard, but need to transition to habits that are small and very easy.
For instance, learning to play a song on the guitar is very hard. Learning to play the chorus of a song is very difficult. Learning to play the scales is moderately difficult. Practicing the chords is easy. Picking up the guitar and sitting down in a quiet spot is very easy. Your ultimate ambition might be to learn to play a full song, but your gateway habit is picking up your guitar and sitting down in a quiet place where you can practice. That’s how you follow the Two-Minute Rule.
Even broad life goals can be transformed into a two-minute behavior. Wanting to live a healthy life may be your ultimate ambition, but then you can ask “what do I need to live a healthy life” – I need to stay in shape. Then you can ask what do I need to stay in shape – I need to exercise. What do I need to do to exercise? I need to change into my workout clothes. And so on until you get to a behavior that takes two minutes or less – until you discover the first movement.
So, in this case, putting on your workout clothes becomes your two-minute habit that moves you toward your ultimate ambition of living a healthy life.
Or, wanting to have a happy marriage may be your ultimate ambition. So ask “what do I need to have a happy marriage?” You need to be a good partner. Then ask how you can be a good partner. You could do something each day to make your partner feel cared for. Something that makes their life easier. How could you make your partner’s life easier? You could make their morning coffee for them… and so on, searching for small ways to move toward your ultimate ambition.
People often think it’s weird to get hyped about putting on your shoes, or placing one item of clothing in the laundry basket, or making one cup of coffee, or setting your books out on the desk. But the point is not to do two minutes of work and then never do anything else. The point is to master the art of showing up.
Here’s one example:
I had one reader who told me, “When I was getting back into the gym after being away for two years I told myself all I needed to do is get to the gym with my bag and stay for ten minutes, then I'm free to go home if I want.”
It ended up working. He reclaimed his fitness habit and began exercising consistently.
The truth is, a habit must be established before it can be improved. If you can’t learn the basic skill of showing up, then you have little hope of mastering the finer details. For the reader that I just mentioned, it wasn’t even about exercising. He could walk into the lobby of the gym, sit down and read a book. He could go over to a workout station, set it up as if he were going to lift and not actually do any reps. He can’t do this forever of course, but in the beginning, the idea is to get comfortable with simply being in the gym. To become the type of person who goes to the gym four days per week.
As I say in Atomic Habits: standardization before optimization. Make it the standard in your life, then worry about doing it better.
Strategies like this work for another reason too: they reinforce the identity you want to build. If you show up at the gym five days in a row—even if it’s just for two minutes—you are casting votes for your new identity. You’re casting votes for the type of person who doesn’t miss workouts. You’re taking the smallest action that confirms the type of person you want to be.
That's all for Lesson 2. See you in the next lesson,
James Clear
Author of Atomic Habits and keynote speaker
p.s. If you want to tell a friend about 30 Days to Better Habits, you can use the sharing links below, or just copy and paste this URL to send to them: https://jamesclear.com/30-days
Progress Check-In
By the end of this lesson, you should have a two-minute version of the habit you want to build and begin to master the art of showing up. That two-minute habit should be the smallest version of your habit that reinforces your desired identity.
Helpful bonuses and downloads
- Two-Minute Rule template – Use this template to write down a two-minute, scaled-down version of your habit.
- Workbook – This 18-page PDF includes an action checklist (including templates for key strategies) for each lesson of the course, plus lesson summaries and a key terms dictionary.
- Examples Database – The examples database is a Google Sheet of 140+ examples of how to implement each strategy covered in this course for dozens of different habits.
References and further reading
- For more on the two-minute rule, see Chapter 13 of Atomic Habits
- The Two-Minute Rule: Hat tip to David Allen, whose version of the Two-Minute Rule states, “If it takes less than two minutes, then do it now.” For more, see David Allen, Getting Things Done (New York: Penguin, 2015).
سال 96-95 درس خارج اصول-خارج اصول
آیت‌الله سید موسی شبیری‌زنجانی - خبر واحد
https://www.eshia.ir/Feqh/Archive/Shobeiry/Osool/95
سال 99-98 درس خارج فقه-نماز جمعه
استاد احمد عابدی
https://www.eshia.ir/Feqh/Archive/abedi/feqh2/98#lesson_980811
سال 89-88 درس تفسیر
حضرت آیت‌الله عبدالله جوادی آملی
https://www.eshia.ir/Feqh/Archive/Javadi/Tafsir/88
نام کتاب : تفسیر هدایت نویسنده : المدرسی، السید محمد تقی جلد : 7 صفحه : 206
https://lib.eshia.ir/71855/7/206
آثار سید محمد تقی مدرسی
https://lib.eshia.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A
Lesson 5 of 11
How to Make Good Habits Automatic
In the last lesson, we discussed environment design as a method for making cues more obvious, but you can also optimize your environment to make the actions themselves easier to perform.
I refer to this process as “reducing friction”. The less friction associated with a habit, the more likely it is to occur. In other words, as convenience increases, so do the odds that you follow through on your habit.
When deciding where to practice a new habit, it is best to choose a place that is already along the path of your daily routine. Habits are easier to build when they fit into the flow of your life. For example, you are more likely to go to the gym if it is on your way to work because stopping doesn’t add much friction to your lifestyle. By comparison, if the gym is off the path of your normal commute—even by just a few blocks—now you’re going “out of your way” to get there.
Perhaps even more effective, is reducing the friction within your home or office. Too often, we try to start habits in high-friction environments. We try to eat healthy in a house filled with chips and cookies. We try to have a good conversation with a friend or family member while allowing our beeping phones to interrupt us constantly. We try to work on an important presentation while sitting in a room with a chatty coworker.
I liken these attempts at habit formation to forcing water through a bent hose. Imagine you’re holding a garden hose with a kink in the middle. Some water can flow through, but not very much. If you want to increase the rate at which water passes through the hose, you have two options.
The first option is to crank up the valve and force more water out. Trying to pump up your motivation to stick with a hard habit and overpower the friction in your environment is like trying to force water through a bent hose. You can do it, but it requires a lot of effort and increases the tension in your life.
It doesn’t have to be this way. You can eliminate the points of friction that hold you back. You can simply remove the bend in the hose and let water flow through naturally.
Reshaping your environment to make your habits convenient and effortless is like removing the bend in the hose. Rather than trying to overcome the friction in your life, you reduce it.
The central idea is to create an environment where doing the right thing is as easy as possible. You want to make your good habits the path of least resistance.
Here are some examples of how you can do exactly that:
- Put apps that promote learning or relaxation – reading apps like Audible and Pocket, or a meditation app like Headspace – on the home screen of your phone, rather than filling it with distractions like email or social media.
- Put together a home gym setup. That way, even if you don’t have time to get a full workout at the gym, you can still do a few sets at home.
- Get healthy meal kits delivered to your door with a service like Green Chef or Hello Fresh.
- Clear your work space of distractions that will take you off-task.
The ultimate way to reduce friction is to use technology and automation. This is exactly what many popular businesses are designed to do.
If you look at the most habit-forming products, you’ll notice that one of the things these goods and services do best is remove little bits of friction from your life. Meal delivery services reduce the friction of shopping for groceries. Dating apps reduce the friction of making social introductions. Ride-sharing services reduce the friction of getting across town. Text messaging reduces the friction of sending a letter in the mail.
Just as businesses use technology to automate the behavior of the masses, you can use technology to automate your own behavior.
For example, we bought a new blender. It makes making smoothies easy. You just press the smoothie button. Zero thinking. No need to set a timer or select a speed setting. It is designed to have as few moving parts as possible, which makes it easy to clean. There are only two pieces. Rinse both off and you're ready to use it again. Some fancier models are even easier--they self-clean. Ultimately, a blender that is easier to use and easier to clean is one that gets used more often.
Technology can transform actions that were once hard, annoying, and complicated into behaviors that are easy, painless, and simple.
At this stage of the course, your focus is on optimizing your environment to make it easier to stick with your two-minute habit and follow through on your implementation intention. You don’t need more motivation. You need a more supportive environment.
That's all for Lesson 5. See you in the next lesson,
James Clear
Author of Atomic Habits and keynote speaker
p.s. If you want to tell a friend about 30 Days to Better Habits, you can use the sharing links below, or just copy and paste this URL to send to them: https://jamesclear.com/30-days
Progress Check-In
By this stage, you should have designed an environment that allows you to complete your habit with ease. The purpose of reducing friction is to increase convenience and make it more likely that you’ll be able to follow through. Hopefully the strategies in this lesson have helped you do exactly that.
Helpful bonuses and downloads
- Workbook – This 18-page PDF includes an action checklist (including templates for key strategies) for each lesson of the course, plus lesson summaries and a key terms dictionary.
- Examples Database – The examples database is a Google Sheet of 140+ examples of how to implement each strategy covered in this course for dozens of different habits.
References and further reading
پنج شنبه - ۱ تیر ۱۴۰۲
الثالثة: النصوص( الوسائل - باب 8 من أبواب الماء المطلق) الواردة فی الجنب والمحدث الدالة على ان الید التی اصابها النجس لا تدخل فی الاناء، وفی بعضها علق جواز الادخال على کونها نظیفة، فانها ظاهرة فی نجاسة ما فی الاناء إذا ادخل یده التی لیست بطاهرة ونظیفة فی الاناء. وبهذا التقریب یندفع ما قیل من اختصاص تلک النصوص بما إذا کانت النجاسة الذاتیة موجودة فی الید.
الرابعة: (الوسائل - باب 29 من أبواب النجاسات حدیث 4) موثقة عمار عن ابی عبد الله (علیه السلام) وفیها: وان کانت رجلک رطبة أو جبهتک رطبة أو غیر ذلک منک ما یصیب ذلک الموضع القذر فلا تصل على ذلک الموضع حتى ییبس.
اگر پات تره، پیشانیت تره، یا بخش دیگری از بدنت، که اصابت می کند، ما یصیب ذلک الموضع: شکمم اصابت نمی کند، تر باشد طوری نیست، پا اصابت می کند، این بخش بدن خشک شود، چرا؟
شاید چون عین نجس در آن موضع بوده، قذر: عین نجس بوده، لااقل احتمال میشه داد،
آقای روحانی قبول کردند، یعنی اینکه آن موضع قذر رو اعم از عین نجس یا متنجس گرفته اند.
فانها تدل على ان موضعا من بدن المصلی أو ثوبه إذا کان رطبا لا یصلی على الموضع القذر لصیرروته نجسا بالملاقاة، ولو لم یکن المتنجس منجسا لم یکن لذلک وجه، واحتمال عود الضمیر فی ییبس الى الموضع القذر یدفعه استلزام ذلک للغویة الشرطیة فلاحظ. فتحصل مما ذکرناه: ظهور عدة من النصوص فی منجسیة المتنجس.
برای جمعه 2 تیر ان شاء الله:
واما القسم الثالث: فهو عدة من النصوص: منها: صحیح [2] علی بن مهزیار: کتب إلیه سلیمان بن رشید یخبره انه بال فی ظلمة من اللیل وانه اصاب کفه برد نقطة من البول لم یشک انه اصابه ولم یره وانه مسحه بخرقة ثم نسى ان یغسله وتمسح بدهن فمسح به کفیه ووجهه ورأسه ثم توضأ وضوء الصلاة فصلى، فاجابه بجواب قرأته بخطه: اما ما توهمت من ما اصاب یدک فلیس بشئ الا ما تحقق، فان حققت ذلک کنت حقیقا ان تعید الصلوات اللواتی کنت صهلیتهن بذلک الوضوء بعینه ما کان منهن فی وقتها، وما فات وقتها فلا اعادة علیک لها من قبل ان الرجل إذا کان ثوبه نجسا لم یعد الصلاة الا ما کان فی وقت، وان کان جنبا أو صلى على غیر وضوء فعلیه اعادة الصلوات المکتوبات اللواتی فاتته لان الثوب خلاف الجسد، فاعمل على ذلک انشاء الله تعالى. واستدل به على القول بالتنجیس بدعوى: ان المستفاد منه صحة الوضوء ونجاسة موضع من البدن کما لا یخفى، وعلیه فیتعین ان یقال: ان المتنجس ینجس،
